Ovarian cancer is a major cause of gynecological cancer mortality, frequently associated with platinum-resistant recurrences. Given the limited efficacy of conventional chemotherapy in this setting, alternative targeted therapeutics are needed. Mirvetuximab soravtansine (MIRV) is an antibody–drug conjugate designed to deliver the cytotoxic maytansinoid DM4 to folate receptor alpha (FRα)-overexpressing cells. This systematic review of PubMed, ClinicalKey, and SpringerLink databases (2019–2026) evaluates five publications across three clinical trials (one phase II, two phase III) encompassing 925 patients with platinum-resistant disease. Notably, the phase III MIRASOL trial demonstrated improved survival outcomes with MIRV over standard chemotherapy, extending median overall survival (16.46 vs. 12.75 months; HR 0.67) and progression-free survival (5.62 vs. 3.98 months; HR 0.65), with an objective response rate (ORR) of 42.3% versus 15.9%. Furthermore, the single-arm phase II SORAYA trial reported an ORR of 32.4% in pretreated patients, including those with prior PARP inhibitor and bevacizumab exposure. Although the preceding FORWARD I trial missed its primary endpoint in the unselected population, its high-FRα subgroup analysis revealed a clinical benefit that influenced subsequent biomarker-driven enrollment strategies. From a safety perspective, MIRV exhibited lower rates of severe neutropenia and anemia than chemotherapy, with toxicities primarily consisting of manageable, reversible ocular events. Ultimately, MIRV serves as a therapeutic option for platinum-resistant, FRα-positive ovarian cancer, offering survival advantages; however, rigorous biomarker-based screening remains necessary to optimize therapeutic outcomes.