Background: Perioperative stress and exposure to anesthetics may trigger alterations in cognition. In this study, a group of women underwent neuropsychological evaluation to measure the influence of inhalational and intravenous anesthesia on linguistic performance, in the context of the perioperative inflammatory response and duration. Methods: Patients undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopic operations were randomly assigned to receive either propofol-based anesthesia (PBA) or sevoflurane-based anesthesia (SBA). The Vocabulary subtest of the Polish version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, Łatysz test [ŁT, subtests: correct words (CW) and all words (AW)], and Word Fluency Test [WFT subtest letters: F, A, S, and categories: animals (An), fruits (Fr), vegetables (Ve)] were applied before and 24 h after anesthesia. Leukocyte count and smearas well as C-reactive protein were analyzed in the same time period. Duration of anesthesiawas recorded. Results: Sixty-one patients were included in the study (PBA: 29, SBA: 32). The comparison of the pre- and postoperative difference in results between the PBA and SBA groups showed a significant difference in one test (WFT-A). A postoperative increase in the results occurred in more scales in the SBA group (ŁT-CW, ŁT-AW, WFT-A, and WFT-Ve) than in the PBA group (ŁT-AW). There were single correlations between the inflammatory markers and the results of linguistic tests. The duration of anesthesia did not influence the results of linguistic tests. Conclusions: The linguistic performance in the perioperative period was stable, with increases noted in several of the tested domains, predominantly in the SBA group.