Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess labour productivity on farms in Poland against their structural characteristics and those of other EU Member States. Design/methodology/approach: The research was carried out on the basis of Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN EU) data from to 2013-2022, on which labour productivity indicators, relations between production factors, and correlations between productivity and selected structural characteristics were calculated. Findings: Despite the high dynamics of change, labour productivity in Poland is one of the lowest among EU countries (21st place in 2022). The low level of labour productivity is accompanied by unfavorable structural characteristics of farms and inappropriate relationships between production factors. Research has shown a correlation between the level of labour productivity and the economic size and technical equipment of agricultural holdings. Practical implications: The results of this research provide a clear indication of the continuation of the development path of agriculture in Poland related to the improvement of the agrarian structure. Originality/value: The study is a contribution to the discussion on the relationship between the level of labour productivity and structural characteristics of farms. Keywords: labour productivity, farms, structure of agriculture, Poland, European Union.