Arthropod-borne diseases are a major problem whenever outdoor activities bring arthropods and people or animals into contact. Mosquitoes, flies, and ticks are key examples, with huge public health impacts. Invasive mosquitoes and ticks are known as carrying old and emerging diseases. Currently, diseases caused by viruses transmitted by both Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are of growing global health concern. Dengue has shown a 30-fold increase in global incidence during the past 50 years, affecting more than 100 countries throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Chikungunya is now occurring worldwide. Also, Zika virus has recently become a global player, after its emerging in the Pacific region and now in the Americas. All the arthropod-borne viral diseases show a similar transmission cycle. It starts when a female takes a blood meal from an infected host. The virus from animal blood enters the vector’s midgut epithelial cells where it replicates. Subsequently, the virus infects other arthropod tissues such as the fat body and salivary glands. Finally, the virus is transmitted to the new host with the vector’s saliva. Arthropods harbor multiple conserved immune pathways that curb invading viral pathogens. Antiviral defense is regulated with several immune pathways including the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, the Janus kinase/signal transducer (JAK-STAT) pathway, the Toll pathway, the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway, and the MAPK pathway. Arthropod-borne diseases usually occur during warm weather months, when mosquitoes and ticks are most active. Viruses are disseminated by mosquitoes in the sylvatic (jungle), rural and urban transmission cycles. Climate change is likely to increase global incidence of mosquito-borne viral diseases. There are recently confirmed evidences that a combination of growing urbanization, global traveling, and environmental remodelling associated with increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns and ongoing deforestation world-wide, improves the arthropod carriers life cycle, including their survival, population, and also availability of animal hosts, and facilitates the spread of infectious agents from vectors. This review also summarizes on how viruses and arthropod vectors are critical to emerge those pathogens global threat at molecular, physiological, evolutionary and epidemiological scales.