Organic micropollutants present in water prepared for consumption in trace amounts can pose a serious threat to the health of consumers. Most of these compounds are hardly biodegradable; therefore, their complete elimination from drinking water is extremely burdensome. Legal acts regulating the quality and quantity of water intended for human consumption, although they are very restrictive in Europe and consider many toxic compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trihalomethanes (THM), do not regulate the concentrations of all hazardous substances for human and animal health. Unregulated compounds include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which, despite their toxic nature, are not listed in the national Regulations of the Ministry of Health on the quality of water intended for human consumption. The key objectives of this chapter are to describe the various types of contaminants that can potentially affect drinking water, identify their sources and detection processes, and propose safe and effective water treatment procedures; this chapter discusses the causes of water pollution with organic micropollutants and the presence of PCB congeners, as well as the mechanisms and the result of their impact on natural components and human health. After using conventional systems for the technological treatment of drinking water, total organic matter (TOC), THM (trihalomethanes), and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) in surface waters are not eliminated. Hopes for water purification with organic micropollutants are raised with alternative methods of water treatment. However, this requires a comprehensive research and a combination of activities of ecological engineering, organic chemistry, and environmental engineering.