Dental care is an integral part of equine veterinary practice and has a significant impact on the welfare and body condition score of horses. Regular and detailed examination of the oral cavity allows for diagnosis of malocclusions and dental disease and the implementation of appropriate treatment. As predispositions for individual dental diseases differ among horse populations and age groups, this study aims to characterize the prevalence and frequency distribution of selected malocclusions and dental diseases among horses housed in the Mazovia region of Poland, using the prevalence and frequency distribution of selected malocclusions and dental diseases. Routine veterinary dental examinations were carried out on 206 horses, and the presenting signs of specific malocclusions and dental diseases were recorded for the incisor, canine, wolf, premolar, and molar teeth. Ninety-five percent of examined horses presented with a dental disorder in at least one tooth, with malocclusions more prevalent than dental disease in the incisors, premolars, and molars alike. Curvatures and calculus were the most commonly reported pathologies in incisor teeth, whereas sharp enamel points and caries predominated in cheek teeth.