Products such as toothpaste tablets align with the concept of sustainable cosmetic production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical and functional properties of toothpaste tablets with different formulations—with and without fluoride, surfactants, and dried herbs. The following parameters were determined: friability (using a shaking method), compressive strength (using a tensile testing machine), colour parameters (spectrophotometrically), pH, and foaming capacity. The study results showed that tablet durability is closely dependent on the formulation. Tablets made with commonly used ingredients (control sample) had the highest breaking force (55.24 N). Tablets without fluoride had the lowest friability (1.46%). Optical tests showed that different formulations affected tablet brightness and colour saturation. The largest changes were observed for samples containing dried herbs—ΔE > 5. The tablets with clove added had improved foam quality, which is important from a functional perspective. The disintegration time of the tablets was significantly shorter for the modified formulation samples. The study results indicate that the developed tablets, especially the control and fluoride-free samples, are sufficiently hard and durable. The tablets with added herbal ingredients, on the other hand, exhibit good foaming and dissolving properties and are waterless products without preservatives.